The structure of the submarine with a description. Principles and arrangement of a submarine

Submarines are a class of ships that are able to move and perform other actions completely autonomously under water and on its surface. Such vessels are capable of carrying weapons, and can also be adapted for various specialized operations. Consider how it is arranged and how it works.

Historical facts

The very first information about such swimming facilities dates back to 1190. In one of the German legends, the main character built something like a submarine out of leather and managed to hide on it from enemy ships on the seabed. This swimming facility stayed at the bottom for 14 days. Air was supplied inside through a tube, the second end of which was on the surface. No details, drawings, information on how the submarine is arranged have been preserved.

More or less real basics of scuba diving were outlined by William Buen in his work in 1578. Buin, on the basis of the Archimedes law, for the first time scientifically substantiates the methods of ascent and immersion by changing the characteristics of the vessel's buoyancy, changing its displacement. Based on these works, it was possible to build a ship capable of sinking and floating. The ship could not sail underwater.

Further, in the era of scientific and technological progress, in St. Petersburg, engineers secretly laid down the principle of a submarine intended for the armed forces. It was built according to the designs of Yefim Nikonov. The project was carried out from 1718 to 1721. Then the prototype was launched, and he was able to successfully pass all the tests.

After 50 years, the United States built the first submarine, which was used in combat operations. The case was shaped like a lentil of two halves, which were connected with flanges and leather inserts. On the roof was a copper hemisphere with a hatch. The boat had a ballast compartment, which was emptied and filled with a pump. There was also an emergency ballast made of lead.

Drzewiecki's ship was the first serial submarine. The series was 50 pieces. Then the design was improved, and instead of the oar drive, first a pneumatic and then an electric drive appeared. These structures were built from 1882 to 1888.

The first electric submarine was the ship designed by Claude Goubet. The prototype was launched in 1888, the ship had a displacement of 31 tons. For movement, an electric motor with a capacity of 50 horsepower was used. Power was supplied from a 9-ton battery.

In 1900, French engineers created the first steam and electric powered boat. The first was intended for movement above the water, the second - under it. The design was unique. The American vessel, in the likeness of the French design, was powered by a gasoline engine to float above the surface of the water.

Submarine device

This issue needs to be given special attention. Let's look at how a submarine works. It consists of several structural elements that perform a variety of functions. Consider the main elements.

Frame

The main task of the hull is to fully provide a constant internal environment for the ship's mechanisms and for its crew during the diving process. Also, the hull should be such that the maximum possible speed of movement under water is achieved. This is ensured by a lightweight body.

Enclosure types

Submarines, where the hull performs these two tasks, were called single-hull. The main ballast tank was located inside the hull, which reduced the usable volume inside and required maximum wall strength. A boat of this design wins in weight, in the required engine power and in maneuverability characteristics.

Submarines with one and a half hulls are equipped with a strong hull, which is partially covered by a lighter one. The cistern of the main ballast was brought outside here. It is located between two buildings. Among the advantages - excellent maneuverability and fast diving speed. Cons - little space inside, short battery life .

Classic double-hull boats are equipped with a strong hull, which is covered with a light hull along its entire length. The main ballast is located between the hulls. The boat has great reliability, battery life, large internal volume. Among the minuses are a long immersion process, large size, and the complexity of filling systems for ballast tanks.

Modern approaches to the construction of submarines dictate the optimal shape of the hulls. The evolution of form is very closely related to the development of engine systems. Initially, the priority was boats for surface movement with the possibility of short-term immersion to solve combat missions. The hull of those submarines had a classic shape with a pointed bow. The hydrodynamic resistance was very high, but then it did not play a special role.

Modern boats have much greater autonomy and speed, so engineers have to reduce it - the hull is made in the form of a drop. This is the optimal form for movement under water.

Motors and batteries

In the device of a modern submarine for movement, there are batteries, electric motors and diesel generators. One battery charge is often not enough. The maximum that the charge is enough for is up to four days. At maximum speed, the battery of a submarine is discharged in a few hours. Recharging is carried out by a diesel generator. The boat must be able to float in order for the batteries to be charged.

Anaerobic or air-independent engines were also used in the device. They don't need air. The boat might not float.

Systems for diving and ascent

The submarine also has these systems. To dive, a submarine, unlike a surface boat, must have negative buoyancy. This was achieved in two ways - by increasing the weight or reducing the displacement. To increase the weight in submarines, there are ballast tanks that are filled with water or air.

For normal ascent or immersion of the boat, stern tanks, as well as bow tanks or main ballast tanks are used. They are needed to fill with water for diving and to fill with air for ascent. When the boat is under water, the tanks are full.

Depth control tanks are used to quickly and accurately control depth. Take a look at the photo of the submarine device. By changing the volume of water, the change in depth is controlled.

Vertical rudders are used to control the direction of the boat. On modern cars, the steering wheels can reach enormous sizes.

Surveillance systems

Some of the first submarines for shallow depth were controlled through windows. Further, as development progressed, the question arose of confident navigation and control. For the first time, a periscope was used for this in 1900. In the future, the systems were constantly upgraded. Now no one uses periscopes, and hydroacoustic active and passive sonars have taken their place.

boat inside

Inside the submarine consists of several compartments. If we consider how a submarine is arranged using the example of one of the exhibits of the exhibition “From the History of the Russian Submarine Fleet”, then immediately in the first compartment you can see six bow torpedo tubes, a firing device, and spare torpedoes.

In the second compartment there are officer and commander's cabins, a hydroacoustic specialist's cabin and a radio reconnaissance room.

The third compartment is the central post. In this compartment, there are a lot of various instruments and devices for controlling movement, immersion, ascent.

The fourth is a wardroom for foremen, a galley, a radio room. In the fifth compartment there are three diesel engines with a capacity of 1900 liters. With. every. They work when the boat is above the water. In the next compartment are three electric motors for underwater travel.

In the seventh, torpedo tubes, a firing device, and bunks for personnel were installed. You can see how the submarine is arranged inside. The photo will allow you to get acquainted with all the devices and compartments.

The class of ships capable of diving to depth and operating underwater is called submarines.

The surface ship, due to the action of the buoyancy force, is on the surface of the water. But the submarine, in addition to the surface position, must dive, go at depth and emerge.

Submarine buoyancy

One of the main seaworthiness qualities of a submarine is buoyancy, thanks to which it can be in two positions: surface and underwater.

buoyancy is the ability of a body immersed in a liquid to remain in balance without sinking or leaving the liquid. And the buoyancy of a ship is understood as its ability to stay afloat under a given load.

In the surface position, the buoyancy of a submarine is characterized by the buoyancy margin , that is, the percentage of the watertight volumes of the submarine above the waterline to the entire watertight volume. The higher its hull protrudes from the water, the greater the reserve of buoyancy.

W \u003d V n / V o * 100

where V n is the waterproof volume of the submarine above the waterline,

V o - the entire waterproof volume of the submarine.

In order for the submarine to be completely submerged in water, its buoyancy margin must become zero, or neutral. This means that, according to the law of Archimedes, its weight must be equal to the weight of the displaced water. That is, the weight of the boat needs to be increased. But how to do that? Very simple - to take on board additional cargo. Submariners call it ballast. It becomes sea water, which is filled with ballast tanks on board the submarine.

But the volume of the ballast must be calculated very accurately. After all, if the weight of the received cargo turns out to be more than the weight of a fully submerged boat, it will not float in a submerged position, but will continue to sink until it reaches the ground, or its strong hull collapses.

After a full dive, the boat changes depth with the help of rudders.

To ascend, the ballast is blown, that is, water is blown out of the ballast tanks with compressed air, which is always on board. The weight of the boat becomes less. It acquires positive buoyancy and floats.

In practice, both the weight of the submarine and the density of the water do not remain constant. And any, even the most insignificant difference between the weight of a submarine and the buoyant force would make it rise to the surface or sink to the bottom. To eliminate this situation, horizontal rudders are used. They control the movement of the submarine in a vertical plane.

How is a submarine

The submarine dives to great depths, where the water pressure is enormous. Therefore, its body must be very durable.

A modern submarine has 2 hulls: a water-permeable light hull and a water-tight strong hull.

The light hull is designed to give the boat perfect hydrodynamic shapes. In a submerged position, there is water inside it, so it does not need to be durable.

And the strong case, located inside the lung, is able to withstand the enormous pressure of water at great depths. The depth of immersion of the boat depends on how durable it is. Inside, the robust hull is divided into compartments by bulkheads . This is done for security reasons. In the event of an emergency situation: holes or fire, the compartment is sealed. This increases the survivability of the ship.

There are various tanks on the submarine. They store supplies of drinking water, fuel, compressed air, etc.

Tanks that are filled with sea water and serve to change buoyancy are called main ballast tanks (TGB). They are divided into 3 groups: bow, stern and middle. They can be filled and purged simultaneously or independently of each other. Their volume is constant. However, in practice, the actual reserve of buoyancy and the calculated one may differ. In theory, this is called submarine residual buoyancy . To eliminate the difference between the volume of the main ballast tanks and the volume of water that must be taken for complete immersion, auxiliary ballast tanks . Residual buoyancy is extinguished by taking or pumping water into the surge tank .

For an urgent dive, use a quick dive tank . Ballast is taken into it, and the boat sinks quickly. After that, the fast dive tank is immediately purged with compressed air to remove the ballast.

After the release of torpedoes or missiles, water enters the torpedo tubes or missile silos. It is poured into special torpedo and missile replacement tanks in order to maintain the overall load.

The surface propulsion of a diesel-electric submarine is provided by a diesel engine , which is both an engine and a generator drive. The generator generates electrical energy. Its energy is stored in a rechargeable battery . In a submerged position, she gives it out.

The source of energy on a nuclear submarine is a nuclear reactor .

Compressed air is another source of energy in submarines . With its help, tanks are filled and blown, torpedoes are fired. It serves as a source of oxygen. In case of emergency flooding of compartments, they are blown with compressed air.

Submersible bathyscaphe

The increase in the weight of the submarine occurs by displacing water with compressed air. But at great depths, the air ceases to be "compressed". He can no longer displace water from the ballast tanks. And in the submersible bathyscaphe, a heavy load is used as ballast, which allows you to dive, and is dropped when you need to emerge.

Like the submarine, the bathyscaphe has 2 hulls - light and durable . The lung is called a float . In its compartments is a substance lighter than water. The first bathyscaphes used gasoline. Later, composite material was used.

The crew, instruments, and other systems are housed in a rugged housing called a gondola .

Bathyscaphes can dive to much greater depths than boats. They are able to reach the ultimate ocean depths.

The principles of operation and the structure of the submarine are considered together, since they are closely related. The defining principle is the principle of scuba diving. Hence, the main requirements for submarines are:

• withstand water pressure in a submerged position, that is, to ensure the strength and water tightness of the hull.
• provide controlled dive, ascent, and depth change.
• have an optimal flow around
• maintain performance (combat capability) throughout the entire range of operation in terms of physical, climatic and autonomy conditions.

Durability and water resistance

Ensuring strength is the most difficult task, and therefore the main attention is paid to it. In the case of a double-hull design, the water pressure (excessive 1 kgf/cm² for every 10 m of depth) is taken over by a strong hull that is optimally shaped to withstand pressure. The flow is provided by a lightweight body . In a number of cases, with a single-hull design, the pressure hull has a shape that simultaneously satisfies both the conditions of pressure resistance and the conditions of streamlining. For example, the hull of the submarine Drzewiecki, or the British midget submarine X-Craft, .

Rugged body (PC)

The most important tactical characteristic of a submarine, the immersion depth, depends on how strong the hull is, what water pressure it can withstand. Depth determines the stealth and invulnerability of the boat, the greater the depth of immersion, the more difficult it is to detect the boat and the more difficult it is to hit it. The most important are the working depth - the maximum depth at which the boat can stay indefinitely without the occurrence of residual deformations, and the maximum depth - the maximum depth to which the boat can still sink without destruction, albeit with residual deformations.

Of course, strength must be accompanied by water resistance. Otherwise, the boat, like any ship, simply will not be able to swim.

Before going out to sea or before a trip, during a test dive, the strength and tightness of the durable hull are checked on the submarine. Immediately before diving, air is pumped out of the boat with the help of a compressor (on diesel submarines - the main diesel engine) to create a vacuum. The command "listen in the compartments" is given. At the same time, the cut-off pressure is monitored. If a characteristic whistle is heard and/or the pressure is quickly restored to atmospheric pressure, the rugged housing is leaking. After immersion in the positional position, the command “look around in the compartments” is given, and the body and fittings are visually checked for leaks.

Light body (LC)

The contours of the light hull provide optimal flow around the design course. In a submerged position inside the light body there is water - inside and outside of it the pressure is the same and it does not need to be strong, hence its name. The light hull houses equipment that does not require isolation from outboard pressure: ballast and fuel (on diesel submarines) tanks, GAS antennas, steering gear thrusts.

Hull construction types

• Single-hull : main ballast tanks (TsGB) are located inside the pressure hull. Light body only at the extremities. The elements of the set, like a surface ship, are inside a durable case. The advantages of this design: savings in size and weight, respectively, lower power requirements of the main mechanisms, better underwater maneuverability. Disadvantages: the vulnerability of a strong hull, a small margin of buoyancy, the need to make the CGB strong. Historically, the first submarines were single-hulled. Most American nuclear submarines are also single-hulled.

• Double-hulled (TsGB inside the light hull, the light hull completely covers the strong one): in double-hull submarines, the set elements are usually outside the strong case to save space inside. Advantages: increased reserve of buoyancy, more tenacious design. Disadvantages: an increase in size and weight, the complexity of ballast systems, less maneuverability, including when diving and ascent. Most Russian / Soviet boats were built according to this scheme. For them, the standard requirement is to ensure unsinkability in case of flooding of any compartment and the adjacent central hospital.

• One and a half hull : (TsGB inside the light hull, the light hull partially covers the strong one). Advantages of one and a half hull submarines: good maneuverability, reduced diving time with a sufficiently high survivability. Disadvantages: less buoyancy, the need to fit more systems in a rugged hull. Such a design was distinguished by medium-sized submarines of the Second World War, for example, the German type VII, and the first post-war ones, for example, the Guppy type, USA.

superstructure

The superstructure forms an additional volume above the CGB and / or the upper deck of the submarine, for use on the surface. It is carried out light, in a submerged position it is filled with water. It can play the role of an additional chamber above the Central City Hospital, insuring the tank from emergency filling. It also has devices that do not require water tightness: mooring, anchor, emergency buoys. In the upper part of the tanks there are ventilation valves (CV), under them - emergency flaps (AZ). Otherwise, they are called the first and second constipation of the CGB.

Strong felling

Mounted on top of a sturdy case. It is made waterproof. It is a gateway for access to the submarine through the main hatch, a rescue chamber, and often a combat post. It has an upper and lower wheelhouse hatch . Periscope shafts are usually passed through it. A strong cabin provides additional unsinkability in the surface position - the upper hatch is high above the waterline, the danger of flooding the submarine with a wave is less, damage to the strong cabin does not violate the tightness of the strong hull. When operating under the periscope, the cabin allows you to increase its reach - the height of the head above the body - and thereby increase the periscope depth. Tactically, this is more profitable - an urgent dive from under the periscope is faster.

felling fence

When an urgent dive is required, a quick dive tank (Pulp and Paper, sometimes called an urgent dive tank) is used. Its volume is not included in the estimated reserve of buoyancy, that is, having taken ballast into it, the boat becomes heavier than the surrounding water, which helps to “fall through” to the depth. After that, of course, the quick sink tank is immediately purged. It is housed in a rugged case and is durable.

In a combat situation (including in combat service and on a campaign), immediately after surfacing, the boat takes water into the pulp and paper industry, and compensates for its weight by blowing the main ballast - while maintaining some excess pressure in the central hospital. Thus, the boat is in immediate readiness for an urgent dive.

Among the most important special tanks are the following.

Torpedo and missile replacement tanks

In order to maintain the total load after the release of torpedoes or missiles from the TA / mines, and to prevent spontaneous ascent, the water that has entered them (about a ton for each torpedo, tens of tons per missile) is not pumped overboard, but poured into specially designed tanks. This allows not to disturb the work with the Central City Hospital and to limit the volume of the surge tank.

If you try to compensate for the weight of torpedoes and missiles at the expense of the main ballast, it should be variable, that is, an air bubble should remain in the Central City Hospital, and it “walks” (moves) - the worst situation for trimming. At the same time, the submerged submarine practically loses control, in the words of one author, "behaves like a mad horse." To a lesser extent, this is also true for the surge tank. But most importantly, if you compensate for large loads with it, you will have to increase its volume, which means the amount of compressed air needed for blowing. And the supply of compressed air on a boat is the most valuable thing, it is always scarce and difficult to replenish.

Annular clearance tanks

Between the torpedo (rocket) and the wall of the torpedo tube (mine) there is always a gap, especially in the head and tail parts. Before firing, the outer cover of the torpedo tube (mine) must be opened. This can be done only by equalizing the pressure overboard and inside, that is, by filling the TA (mine) with water that communicates with the outboard. But if you let the water in directly from behind the side, the trim will be knocked down - right before the shot.

To avoid this, the water needed to fill the gap is stored in special annular gap tanks (CKZ). They are located near the TA or shafts, and are filled from the surge tank. After that, to equalize the pressure, it is enough to bypass the water from the CDC to the TA and open the outboard valve.

Energy and survivability

Filling and purging tanks, firing torpedoes or missiles, moving and ventilating require energy.

Accordingly, without energy, the boat cannot not only move, but retain the ability to “float and shoot” for any long time. That is, energy and survivability are two sides of the same process.

If with movement it is possible to choose solutions traditional for a ship - to use the energy of burned fuel (if there is enough oxygen for this), or the energy of splitting an atom, then other sources of energy are needed for actions that are characteristic only of a submarine. Even a nuclear reactor, which provides an almost unlimited source of it, has the disadvantage that it produces it only at a certain rate, and is very reluctant to change the rate. Trying to get more power out of it is to risk the reaction getting out of control - a kind of nuclear mini-explosion.

So, we need some way to store energy, and quickly release it as needed. And compressed air has been the best way since the dawn of scuba diving. Its only serious drawback is its limited supply. Air storage tanks are heavy, and the greater the pressure in them, the greater the weight. This puts a limit on stocks.

Air system

Compressed air is the second most important source of energy on a boat and, secondarily, provides a supply of oxygen. With its help, many evolutions are made - from diving and surfacing to removing waste from the boat.

For example, it is possible to deal with emergency flooding of compartments by supplying compressed air to them. Torpedoes and missiles are also fired with air - in fact, by blowing through the TA or mines.

The air system is subdivided into a high pressure air system (HPA) with a pressure of 200-400 kg / cm 2 (depending on the type of submarine), medium pressure air (HPA) with a pressure of 6-30 kg / cm 2 and low pressure air (HPA).

The VVD system is among them the main one. It is more profitable to store compressed air at high pressure - it takes up less space and accumulates more energy. Therefore, it is stored in high-pressure cylinders, and released into other subsystems through pressure reducers.

Replenishment of VVD stocks is a long and energy-intensive operation. And of course, it requires access to atmospheric air. Considering that modern boats spend most of their time under water, and they also try not to linger at periscope depth, there are not so many opportunities for replenishment. Compressed air has to be literally rationed, and usually the senior mechanic (commander of the BS-5) personally monitors this. Excess carbon dioxide released during breathing is removed from the air in chemical air regeneration units (scrubbers) included in the ventilation and air recirculation system.

Nuclear submarines use autonomous oxygen generation plants for breathing, using electrolysis of outboard sea water. This system allows nuclear submarines for a long time (weeks) not to surface to replenish their air supply.

Some modern non-nuclear submarines in Sweden and Japan use an air-independent Stirling engine that runs on liquid oxygen, which is then used for breathing. Submarines equipped with this system can be continuously underwater for up to 20 days.

Movement

Movement, or the course of a submarine, is the main consumer of energy. Depending on how the surface and underwater movement is provided, all submarines can be divided into two large types: with a separate or with a single engine.

Separate is an engine that is used only for surface or only for underwater travel. Single , respectively, is called an engine that is suitable for both modes.

Historically, the first engine of the submarine was a man. With his muscular strength, he set the boat in motion both on the surface and under water, that is, he was a single engine.

The search for more powerful and long-range engines was directly related to the development of technology in general. He went through the steam engine and various types of internal combustion engines to diesel. But they all have a common drawback - dependence on atmospheric air. Separation inevitably arises , that is, the need for a second engine for underwater travel. An additional requirement for submarine engines is a low noise level. The quietness of the submarine in the sneaking mode is necessary to keep it invisible from the enemy when performing combat missions in close proximity to him.

Traditionally, the underwater engine was and remains an electric motor powered by a battery. It is air-independent, safe enough and acceptable in terms of weight and dimensions. However, there is a serious drawback here - the small capacity of the battery. Therefore, the supply of continuous underwater travel is limited. Moreover, it depends on the mode of use. A typical diesel-electric submarine needs to recharge the battery after every 300-350 miles of economic travel or every 20-30 miles of full speed. In other words, the boat can go without recharging for 3 or more days at a speed of 2-4 knots, or an hour and a half at a speed of more than 20 knots. Since the weight and volume of a diesel submarine is limited, the diesel and electric motors play several roles. A diesel can be an engine or a reciprocating compressor if it is driven by an electric motor. That, in turn, can be an electric generator when it is rotated by a diesel engine, or an engine when it works on a propeller.

The main problem of storage and transmission of electricity is the resistance of the EPS elements. Unlike ground-based units, resistance under conditions of high humidity and saturation with submarine equipment is a highly variable value. One of the constant tasks of the electrician team is to control the insulation and restore its resistance to the nominal value.

The second major problem is the condition of the batteries. As a result of a chemical reaction, heat is generated in them and hydrogen is released. If free hydrogen accumulates in a certain concentration (about 4%), it forms an explosive mixture with atmospheric oxygen, capable of exploding no worse than a depth bomb. An overheated battery in a cramped hold causes a very typical emergency for boats - a fire in the battery pit.

When sea water enters the battery, chlorine is released, which forms extremely toxic and explosive compounds. A mixture of hydrogen and chlorine explodes even from light. Considering that the probability of sea water entering the boat premises is always high, constant monitoring of the chlorine content and ventilation of the battery pits is required.

In a submerged position, for hydrogen binding, devices for flameless (catalytic) hydrogen afterburning - CFC, installed in the compartments of a submarine and a hydrogen afterburner built into the battery ventilation system, are used. Complete removal of hydrogen is possible only by venting the battery. Therefore, on a running boat, even in the base, a watch is kept in the central post and in the post of energy and survivability (PEZh). One of its tasks is to control the hydrogen content and vent the battery.

Fuel system

Diesel-electric, and to a lesser extent, nuclear submarines use diesel fuel - diesel fuel. The volume of stored fuel can be up to 30% of displacement. Moreover, this is a variable margin, which means it represents a serious task when calculating the trim.

The solarium is quite easily separated from sea water by settling, while it practically does not mix, therefore, such a scheme is used. Fuel tanks are located at the bottom of the light hull. As fuel is consumed, it is replaced by sea water. Since the difference in densities of solarium and water is approximately 0.8 to 1.0, the order of consumption is observed, for example: the port side bow tank, then the right side stern tank, then the starboard bow tank, and so on, so that changes in trim are minimal.

On some 5th generation non-nuclear submarines, an air-independent Stirling engine is installed as a drive, running on liquid oxygen, which is later used for breathing. The system allows you to achieve high stealth, the boat may not rise to the surface for up to 20 days.

Drainage system

As the name implies, it is designed to remove water from the submarine. It consists of pumps (pumps), pipelines and fittings. It has sump pumps for quick pumping of large amounts of water, and drainage pumps for its complete removal.

It is based on centrifugal pumps with high performance. Since their supply depends on the backpressure, and therefore falls with depth, there are also pumps, the supply of which does not depend on the backpressure - piston pumps. For example, on a Project 633 submarine, the productivity of drainage facilities on the surface is 250 m³/h, at a working depth of 60 m³/h.

fire fighting system

The submarine fire system consists of four types of subsystems. In fact, the boat has four independent extinguishing systems:

1. Volumetric chemical fire extinguishing system (SHP);
2. Air-foam fire extinguishing system (VPL);
3. Water fire extinguishing system;
4. Fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment (asbestos cloth, tarpaulin, etc.).

At the same time, unlike stationary, ground-based systems, water extinguishing is not the main one. On the contrary, the damage control manual (RBZH PL) aims to use primarily volumetric and air-foam systems. The reason for this is the high saturation of the submarine with equipment, which means a high probability of damage from water, short circuits, and the release of harmful gases.

In addition, there are fire prevention systems:

• irrigation system for mines (containers) of missile weapons - on missile submarines;
• irrigation system for ammunition stored on racks in submarine compartments;
• irrigation system of inter-compartment bulkheads;

Volumetric chemical fire extinguishing system (VOX)

Boat volumetric chemical (LOH) system is designed to extinguish fires in submarine compartments (except for fires of gunpowder, explosives and two-component propellant). It is based on the interruption of a combustion chain reaction with the participation of air oxygen by a freon-based extinguishing agent. Its main advantage is versatility. However, the supply of freon is limited, and therefore the use of LOH is recommended only in certain cases.

Air-foam fire extinguishing system (VPL)

Air-foam boat (VPL) system is designed to extinguish small local fires in compartments:

• electrical equipment under voltage;
• fuel, oil or other flammable liquids accumulated in the hold;
• materials in the battery pit;
• rags, wooden sheathing, heat-insulating materials.

Water fire extinguishing system

The system is designed to extinguish a fire in the superstructure of the submarine and the cabin fence, as well as fires of fuel spilled on the water near the submarine. In other words, it is not intended for extinguishing inside a strong submarine hull.

Fire extinguishers and fire equipment

Designed to extinguish fires of rags, wooden sheathing, electrical and heat-insulating materials and to ensure the actions of personnel when extinguishing a fire. In other words, they play a supporting role in cases where the use of centralized fire extinguishing systems is difficult or impossible.

I had a torpedo sergeant major on the Malyutka, weighing more than 120 kg. Once, when there was not enough water in the trim tanks, I trimmed, commanding: "Comrade midshipman, please go to the first compartment and sit there."

Naval charter. Chapter 1. Fundamentals of the organization of the ship. Art. 22, 28-32. Combat schedules, combat instructions

Infantiev V.N. Stand in your places, to dive! Scientific and artistic book. - L., 1977.

This is exactly how things were on the very first submarines, which turned out to be fatal for many of them - at the slightest uneven filling of the CGB when immersed, the submarines lost their longitudinal stability and fell to the depth with their bow or stern forward; the same thing happened on the move in a submerged position due to the free flow of water in the partially filled CGB, which forced the horizontal and rudders to constantly operate, as a result of which the boat moved along a kind of “sinusoid”. Only at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the American designer of Irish origin, Holland, used U-shaped CGBs located on the sides of the solid body, which, when immersed in a positional position, are filled with water to the top, without a residual “bubble” of air, which deprived the water in them of the ability to overflow freely and thereby break the trim. This, to a decisive extent, made it possible to solve problems with the longitudinal alignment of submarines and the ability to maintain a given depth, thereby moving from individual experiments to the construction of real combat submarines.

Literature

In continuation of publications about submarines that were previously in service with the Navy of the USSR and Russia, and converted into museums, we bring to your attention a brief overview of modern Russian submarines. In the first part, non-nuclear (diesel-electric) submarines will be considered.

Currently, the Russian Navy is armed with diesel-electric submarines of three main projects: 877 Halibut, 677 Lada and 636 Varshavyanka.

All modern Russian diesel-electric submarines are built according to the scheme with full electric propulsion: the main engine is an electric motor powered by batteries, which are recharged on the surface or at periscope depth (when air enters through the RDP mine) from a diesel generator. A diesel generator compares favorably with diesel engines in smaller dimensions, which is achieved by increasing the shaft rotation speed and no need for reverse.

Project 877 "Halibut"

Project 877 submarines (code "Halibut", according to NATO classification - Kilo) - a series of Soviet and Russian submarines 1982-2000. The project was developed in the Central Design Bureau "Rubin", the general designer of the project Yu.N. Kormilitsin. The lead ship was built in 1979-1982. at the factory. Lenin Komsomol in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Subsequently, Project 877 ships were built at the Krasnoye Sormovo shipyard in Nizhny Novgorod and the Admiralty Shipyards in St. Petersburg.

For the first time in the USSR, the hull of the boat was made in an "airship" form with an optimal length-to-width ratio in terms of streamlining (slightly more than 7:1). The chosen form allowed to increase the speed of the underwater course and reduce noise, due to the deterioration of seaworthiness in the surface position. The boat has a two-hull design traditional for the Soviet school of submarine shipbuilding. The light hull limits the developed bow end, in the upper part of which there are torpedo tubes, and the lower part is occupied by the developed main antenna of the Rubikon-M sonar system.

The boats of the project received an automated weapon system. The armament included 6 533 mm torpedo tubes, up to 18 torpedoes or 24 mines. In Soviet times, the ships were equipped with the Strela-3 defensive air defense system, which could be used on the surface.

Submarine B-227 "Vyborg" project 877 "Halibut"

Submarine B-471 "Magnitogorsk" project 877 "Halibut"

Longitudinal section of the submarine project 877 "Halibut":

1 - main antenna SJSC "Rubicon-M"; 2 - 533 mm TA; 3 - first (bow or torpedo) compartment; 4 - anchor spire; 5 - bow hatch; 6 - spare torpedoes with a quick loader; 7 - bow horizontal rudder with a tilting mechanism and drives; 8 - living quarters; 9 - bow group AB; 10 - gyrocompass repeater; 11 - navigation bridge; 12 - attack periscope PK-8.5; 13 - anti-aircraft and navigation periscope PZNG-8M; 14 - PMU device RDP; 15 - strong felling; 16 - PMU antenna RLC "Cascade"; 17 - PMU antenna of the radio direction finder "Frame"; 18 - PMU antenna SORS MRP-25; 19 - container (fender) for storing air defense missile systems "Strela-ZM" MANPADS; 20 - second compartment; 21 - central post; 22 - third (residential) compartment; 23 - feed group AB; 24 - fourth (diesel generator) compartment; 25 - DG; 26 - cylinders of the VVD system; 27 - fifth (electromotive) compartment; 28 - GGED; 29 - emergency buoy; 30 - sixth (aft) compartment; 31 - aft hatch; 32 - GED economic progress; 33 - stern rudder drives; 34 - shaft line; 34 - aft vertical stabilizer.

Tactical and technical data of the project 877 "Halibut":

Project 677 "Lada" ("Cupid")

Project 677 submarines (code "Lada") - a series of Russian diesel-electric submarines developed at the end of the 20th century at the Rubin Central Design Bureau, the general designer of the project Yu.N. Kormilitsin. The boats are intended for the destruction of enemy submarines, surface ships and vessels, the protection of naval bases, the sea coast and sea communications, and reconnaissance. The series is a development of the project 877 "Halibut". The low noise level was achieved due to the choice of a single-hull structural type, a reduction in the dimensions of the ship, the use of an all-mode main propulsion motor with permanent magnets, the installation of vibration-active equipment and the introduction of a new generation of anti-sonar coating technology. Project 677 submarines are being built at the Admiralty Shipyards in St. Petersburg.

The Project 677 submarine is made according to the so-called one and a half hull scheme. The axisymmetric strong case is made of AB-2 steel and has the same diameter almost along the entire length. The bow and stern ends are spherical. The hull is divided along the length into five watertight compartments by flat bulkheads, by means of platforms the hull is divided by height into three tiers. The light hull is given a streamlined shape, providing high hydrodynamic characteristics. The fencing of retractable devices has the same shape as that of the boats of projects 877, at the same time, the stern plumage is cross-shaped, and the front horizontal rudders are placed on the fence, where they create minimal interference with the operation of the hydroacoustic complex.

Compared to the Varshavyanka, the surface displacement has been reduced by almost 1.3 times - from 2,300 to 1,765 tons. Full submerged speed increased from 19-20 to 21 knots. The crew size was reduced from 52 to 35 submariners, while the autonomy remained unchanged - up to 45 days. Boats of the "Lada" type are distinguished by a very low noise level, a high level of automation and a relatively low price compared to foreign counterparts: the German type 212, and the Franco-Spanish project "Scorpene", while having more powerful weapons.

Submarine B-585 "St. Petersburg" project 677 "Lada"

Longitudinal section of the submarine project 677 "Lada":

1 - baffle of the main antenna of the SJC; 2 - nasal CGB; 3 - 533 mm TA; 4 - torpedo loading hatch; 5 - anchor; 6 - bow (torpedo) compartment; 7 - spare torpedoes with a quick loader; 8 - partition of auxiliary mechanisms; 9 - nasal AB; 10 - navigation bridge; 11 - strong felling; 12 - second (central post) compartment; 13 - central post; 14 - main command post; 15 - modular enclosure REV; 16 enclosure for auxiliary equipment and general ship systems (bilge pumps, pumps for the general ship hydraulic system, converters and air conditioners); 17 - third (residential and battery) compartment; 18 - wardroom and galley block; 19 - living quarters and a medical unit; 20 - stern AB; 21 - fourth (diesel generator) compartment; 22 - DG; 23 - partition of auxiliary mechanisms; 24 - fifth (electromotive) compartment; 25 - HED; 26 - fuel tank; 27 - stern rudder drives; 28 - shaft line; 29 - feed CGB; 30 - stern vertical stabilizers; 31 GPBA exit channel fairing.

Tactical and technical data of the project 677 "Lada":

* Amur-950" - export modification of project 677 "Lada" is equipped with four torpedo tubes and UVP for ten missiles, capable of firing a salvo of ten missiles in two minutes. Immersion depth - 250 meters. Crew - from 18 to 21 people. Autonomy - 30 days .

Due to the shortcomings of the power plant, the planned serial construction of boats of this project in its original form was canceled, the project will be finalized.

Project 636 "Varshavyanka"

Submarines of project 636 (code "Varshavyanka", according to NATO classification - Improved Kilo) multi-purpose diesel-electric submarines - an improved version of the export submarine of project 877EKM. The project was also developed in the Central Design Bureau "Rubin", under the leadership of Yu.N. Kormilitsin.

Submarines of the "Varshavyanka" type, which combines projects 877 and 636 and their modifications, are the main class of non-nuclear submarines produced in Russia. They are in service with both the Russian and a number of foreign fleets. The project, developed in the late 1970s, is considered very successful, so the construction of the series, with a number of improvements, continues into the 2010s.

Submarine B-262 "Stary Oskol" project 636 "Varshavyanka"

Tactical and technical data of the project 636 "Varshavyanka":

To be continued.

British Navy Submarine Upholder (Ally)

Submarines float effortlessly on the surface of the water. But unlike all other ships, they can sink to the bottom of the ocean and, in some cases, swim in its depths for months. The whole secret is that the submarine has a unique two-hull design.

Between its outer and inner hulls are special compartments, or ballast tanks, which can be filled with sea water. At the same time, the total weight of the submarine increases and, accordingly, its buoyancy decreases, that is, the ability to stay on the surface. The boat moves forward due to the operation of the propeller, and horizontal rudders, called hydroplanes, help it dive.

The inner steel hull of the submarine is designed to withstand the enormous pressure of the water, which increases with depth. When submerged, the trim tanks located along the keel help to keep the ship stable. If you need to surface, then the submarine is freed from water, or, as they say, ballast tanks are blown out. Navigational aids such as periscopes, radar (radar), sonar (sonar) and satellite communications systems help the submarine to navigate the desired course.

In the image above, the 2,455-ton, 232-foot-long British attack submarine, shown in section, can move at 20 miles per hour. While the boat is at the surface, its diesel engines generate electricity. This energy is stored in rechargeable batteries and then consumed in scuba diving. Nuclear submarines use nuclear fuel to turn water into superheated steam to power its steam turbines.

How does a submarine sink and float?

When a submarine is on the surface, it is said to be in a state of positive buoyancy. Then her ballast tanks are mostly filled with air (near picture on the right). When submerged (middle picture on the right), the ship becomes negatively buoyant as the air from the ballast tanks escapes through the outlet valves and the tanks are filled with water through the intake ports. In order to move at a certain depth while submerged, submarines use a balancing technique where compressed air is injected into ballast tanks and water intake ports remain open. In this case, the desired state of neutral buoyancy sets in. To ascend (far right), compressed air stored on board pushes water out of the ballast tanks.

There is not much free space on the submarine. In the top picture, the sailors are eating in the wardroom. In the upper right corner - an American submarine in surface navigation. To the right of the photograph is a cramped cockpit where submariners sleep.

Clean air underwater

On most modern submarines, fresh water is made from sea water. And fresh air supplies are also made on board - decomposing fresh water using electrolysis and releasing oxygen from it. When the submarine cruises near the surface, it uses snorkels covered with caps - devices exposed above the water, it takes in fresh air and throws out exhaust air. In this position, above the conning tower, the boats are in the air, in addition to snorkels, a periscope, a radio antenna and other superstructure elements. The air quality on the submarine is monitored daily to ensure the correct oxygen content. All air passes through a scrubber, or scrubber, to remove contaminants. The exhaust gases exit through a separate pipeline.